Fecha de publicación: 2019

Fragmento original: 

This National Intelligence Strategy (NIS) provides the Intelligence Community (IC) with strategic direction from the Director of National Intelligence (DNI) for the next four years. It supports the national security priorities outlined in the National Security Strategy as well as other national strategies. In executing the NIS, all IC activities must be responsive to national security priorities and must comply with the Constitution, applicable laws and statutes, and Congressional oversight requirements.

All our activities will be conducted consistent with our guiding principles: We advance our national security, economic strength, and technological superiority by delivering distinctive, timely insights with clarity, objectivity, and independence; we achieve unparalleled access to protected information and exquisite understanding of our adversaries’ intentions and capabilities; we maintain global awareness for strategic warning; and we leverage what others do well, adding unique value for the Nation.

Institución participante: Congressional Research Service 

Fragmento original: Summary

Congress has maintained significant interest in Mexico, an ally and top trade partner. In recent decades, U.S.-Mexican relations have grown closer through cooperative management of the 2,000-mile border, the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), and security and rule of law cooperation under the Mérida Initiative. Relations have been tested, however, by President Donald J. Trump’s shifts in U.S. immigration and trade policies. 

Fecha de publicación: 2019

Institución participante: Justice in Mexico, Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies, Robert S. Strauss Center for International Security and Law

Fragmento original: Over the more than two decades of free trade between Mexico and the United States (1994-2018), there has been an important alignment between the countries on strategic and security matters. New blueprints for bilateral cooperation have been created and there has been greater agreement regarding security in the region, especially with respect to Central America. However, the arrival of Donald Trump in the White House and the internal crises in both countries—the opioid epidemic in the United States and the escalation of violence in Mexico—have cast serious doubt on burgeoning security cooperation.

Summary: The term compatible interface in the title of this paper refers to the fact that the United States and Mexico have complementary areas of concern in each of our four instruments of national power: diplomatic, information, military, and economic.

Summary: Violence perpetrated by a range of criminal groups continues to threaten citizen security and governance in some parts of Mexico, a country with which the United States shares a nearly 2,000-mile border and more than $500 billion in annual trade. Although organized crime-related violence in Mexico has generally declined since 2011, analysts estimate that it may have claimed more than 80,000 lives between December 2006 and December 2014. Recent cases—particularly the disappearance of 43 students in Guerrero, Mexico in September 2014—have drawn attention to the problems of corruption and impunity for human rights abuses in Mexico. 

Summary: The purpose of this paper is to begin to set a base line for measuring border security between the United States and Mexico. Our plan is to re-examine these issues on a semi-regular basis, making adjustments to both the methodology and criteria as needed. To initiate this process, we have chosen to focus on four major areas to evaluate related to border security. These include incidence of terror related activity and warnings at the border; levels of violence on both sides of the border and an assessment of how these might be linked; seizures of dangerous drugs, money and firearms at the border; and efforts aimed at apprehensions of undocumented and unauthorized migrants.

Summary: Mexican President Felipe Calderón is locked in a valiant fight against narco-traffickers, proving his commitment by extraditing to U.S. courts and prisons powerful Mexican drug kingpins and politicians, as well as seizing large amounts of drugs and drug cash. He and President Bush recently announced the $1.4 billion "Mérida Initiative," a joint U.S.- Mexico program to further the fight. The plan has many anti-corruption safeguards and "end-use monitoring" provisions. It provides aircraft, equipment, software, and training that is badly needed by military, judicial, and law enforcement officials in Mexico.

Fecha: 21 de Diciembre de 2007

Resumen: Reporte para los miembros del Consejo de Relaciones Exteriores del Senado de los Estados Unidos sobre la Iniciativa Mérida, contiene antecedentes y recomendaciones generales y análisis de diversos aspectos de la iniciativa.

Fuente: Polytical Asymetries in the Era of Globalization. Editado por Josef Schröl. Frankfurt: Peter Lang, 2007. 

Resumen: Consecuencias de la asimetría estructural de la relación de México con Estados Unidos en materia de seguridad y defensa, así como en aspectos específicos de seguridad como migración, narcotráfico y seguridad fronteriza

By: Woodrow Wilson Center

The conventional wisdom among those who study the border is that following the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, the United States unilaterally imposed significant additional security requirements on the management of the U.S.-Mexico border, and that the measures taken to meet these requirements have made the border more difficult to cross for not only illicit but also licit traffic, including the trade and travel that is the lifeblood of cross-border communities. There is a great deal of truth in this interpretation, but it largely portrays Mexico as a passive receptor of U.S. policy, which could not be further from the truth.

Date: March 10, 2009.

Joy Olson, directora ejecutiva de la Oficina de Washington para América Latina (WOLA), rindió testimonio el pasado 10 de marzo sobre la Iniciativa Mérida ante el Subcomité de apropiaciones sobre el Departamento de Estado, operaciones en el Exterior y programas asociados de la Cámara de Representantes de Estados Unidos. En su testimonio Olson expresó tres formas en que Estados Unidos podría enfrentar el tráfico de drogas y la violencia: mayores esfuerzos en reducir la demanda de drogas en Estados Unidos, combate al flujo de armas y dinero ilícito hacia México y apoyo a las reformas institucionales en los sistemas judiciales y de policía en México. 

Summary: The security structure in Mexico is characterized by shifting responsibilities, duplication of services, and general instability, along with a lack of coordination among federal, state, and local security forces. The backdrop of a deteriorating security situation in Mexico and change in administration in the United States demands a closer examination of potential priorities and policy options to guide future U.S.-Mexico relations. U.S. aid to Mexico has typically focused on a narrow set of outputs — improved technology, training, and equipment to prevent drug trafficking. Despite these efforts, Mexico's security situation continues to deteriorate. 

Date: 22 de abril, 2009 

By: Washington Office in Latin America (WOLA)

Summary: The U.S. Senate has approved $400 million to help Mexico fight drug-related violence, sending the bill to President Bush for his signature. Known as the Mérida Initiative, the package includes a further $65 million in security aid to be divided among seven countries of Central America plus Haiti and the Dominican Republic. WOLA today applauds the recognition, implicit in the plan, that Mexico and the United States share responsibility for addressing drug trafficking and violence. But WOLA finds serious shortcoming in the plan's specifics.

Fecha: 25 de octubre de 2007

Resumen: Varios miembros del Congreso de EE.UU., órgano que tiene la palabra final sobre la "Iniciativa Mérida", se quejaron este jueves por la poca transparencia de la administración Bush en la planificación del proyecto.

Sinopsis original: In late 2007, the U.S. and Mexican governments unveiled the Merida Initiative. A 3-year, $1.4 billion counternarcotics assistance program, the Merida Initiative is designed to combat the drug-fueled violence that has ravaged Mexico of late. The initiative aims to strengthen the Mexican police and military, permitting them to take the offensive in the fight against Mexico’s powerful cartels. These problems, ranging from official corruption to U.S. domestic drug consumption, have so far frustrated Mexican attempts to rein in the cartels, and will likely hinder the effectiveness of the Merida Initiative as well. To make U.S. counternarcotics policy fully effective, it will be imperative to forge a more holistic, better-integrated approach to the “war on drugs.”

Fuente: Washington Post, 11 de julio de 2008.

Fragmento del original: The Mexican government plans to nearly double the size of its federal police force in order to reduce the role of the military in combating drug trafficking, under a confidential anti-narcotics strategy that officials made available Thursday. 

The plan, known as the Comprehensive Strategy Against Drug Trafficking, also involves purging local police forces of corrupt officers and initiating social measures -- such as improving safety in public spaces -- designed to improve public confidence in government agencies tainted by corruption.  

Fecha: 9 de agosto de 2007 

Resumen: Muchas personas se preguntan si México se está "colombianizando" a raíz de la violencia desatada por los carteles de las drogas.

Fecha: 18 de marzo de 2008

Resumen original: Increasing violence perpetrated by drug cartels, youth gangs, and other criminal groups is threatening citizen security and democracy in Mexico and Central America. Mexican and Central American government efforts to combat drug trafficking and organized crime have been hindered by inadequate resources, corruption, and weak judicial systems. On October 22, 2007, the United States and Mexico issued a joint statement announcing the Mérida Initiative, a multi-year plan for U.S. assistance to Mexico and Central America aimed at helping those governments combat drug trafficking and other criminal organizations. The Administration requested $500 million for Mexico and $50 million for Central America in the FY2008 supplemental appropriations request. To date, there is no legislative vehicle for the funding request. 

Contenido: Ley de Asignaciones Complementarías del 2008 (Inscrito como Acordado o Aprobado por la Cámara de Representantes y el Senado de los Estados Unidos)

• ASISTENCIA ECONÓMICA BILATERAL FONDO DE APOYO ECONÓMICO (ESF)
• OTRAS FORMAS DE ASISTENCIA ECONÓMICA BILATERAL FONDO DE APOYO ECONÓMICO (ESF)
• ASUNTOS INTERNACIONALES DE NARCÓTICOS Y APLICACIÓN DE LA LEY
• ASISTENCIA MILITAR FONDOS ASIGNADOS AL PRESIDENTE
• PROGRAMA DE FINANCIAMIENTO A FUERZAS MILITARES EXTRANJERAS (FMF)

Nota: Esta traducción comprende únicamente las secciones de la Ley pertinentes a México. Esta traducción fue elaborada por la Oficina en Washington para Asuntos Latinoamericanos (WOLA). El texto completo de la Ley en inglés puede ser adquirido en la página de Internet del Congreso:.